Lexeme - Definition, Etymology and Examples

In linguistics, a lexeme is the fundamental unit of the lexicon (or word stock) of a language. Also known as a  lexical unit,  lexical item,  or  lexical word. In corpus linguistics, lexemes are commonly referred to as lemmas. A lexeme is often--but not always--an individual word (a simple lexeme or dictionary word, as its sometimes called). A single dictionary word (for example, talk) may have a number of inflectional forms or grammatical variants (in this example, talks, talked, talking). A multiword (or composite) lexeme is a lexeme made up of more than one orthographic  word, such as a phrasal verb (e.g., speak up;  pull through), an open compound (fire engine;  couch potato), or an idiom (throw in the towel;  give up the ghost). The way in which a lexeme can be used in a sentence is determined by its word class or grammatical category. Etymology From the Greek, word, speech Examples and Observations A lexeme is a unit of lexical meaning, which exists regardless of any inflectional endings it may have or the number of words it may contain. Thus, fibrillate, rain cats and dogs, and come in are all lexemes, as are elephant, jog, cholesterol, happiness, put up with, face the music, and hundreds of thousands of other meaningful items in English. The headwords in a dictionary are all lexemes.(David Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2003) Specifications of Lexemes [A] lexeme is a linguistic item defined  by the following specifications, which make up what is called the lexical entry for this item: its sound form and its spelling (for languages with a written standard);the grammatical category of  the lexeme (noun,  intransitive verb, adjective, etc.);its inherent grammatical properties (for some languages, e.g. gender);the set of grammatical forms it may take, in particular, irregular forms;its lexical meaning.These specifications apply to both simple and composite lexemes.(Sebastian Là ¶bner,  Understanding Semantics. Routledge, 2013) The Meanings of Lexemes Definitions are an attempt to characterize  the meaning or sense of a lexeme and to distinguish the meaning of the lexeme concerned from the meanings of other lexemes in the same semantic field, for example, the elephant from other large mammals. There is  a sense in which a definition characterizes the potential meaning of a lexeme; the meaning only becomes precise  as it is actualized in a context. Since the division of the meaning of a lexeme into senses is based on the variation of meaning perceived  in different contexts, a tension exists in lexicography between the recognition of separate senses and the potentiality of meaning found in definitions. This may well account in large part for the divergence  between  similar-sized dictionaries in the number of senses recorded and in consequent differences of definition.(Howard Jackson and  Ã¢â‚¬Å½Etienne Zà © Amvela,  Words, Meaning and Vocabulary: An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology, 2nd ed. Continuum, 200 5) Invariable and Variable Lexemes In many cases, it makes no difference whether we take a syntactic or a lexical perspective. Lexemes such as the and and are invariable, i.e., there is only one word corresponding to each. Also invariable are lexemes like efficiently: although more efficiently is in some respects like harder, it is not a single word, but a sequence of two, and hence efficiently and more efficiently are not forms of a single lexeme. Variable lexemes, by contrast, are those which have two or more forms. Where we need to make clear that we are considering an item as a lexeme, not a word, we will represent it in bold italics. Hard, for example, represents the lexeme which has hard and harder--and also hardest--as its forms. Similarly are and is, along with be, been, being, etc., are forms of the lexeme be. . . . A variable lexeme is thus a word-sized lexical item considered in abstraction from grammatical properties that vary depending on the syntactic construction in which it appears.(Rodney Huddleston a nd Geoffroy Pullum, The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge University Press, 2002) Pronunciation: LECK-seem

My Career As A Sex Therapist Essay - 1360 Words

The occupation that I have chosen for this assignment is a Sex Therapist. I am a senior at the University of Wisconsin- La Crosse and my career goal is to become a Sex Therapist, for the future. How I got interested in this occupation is that I knew that I wanted to help people in some way, but I didn’t exactly know how I was going go about that. I grew up in a family environment that talked about sex very openly. Which today, has made me feel comfortable taking about sex and I have found that sexual topics are interesting to learn about. I changed my major to Psychology, which will help me prepare for my career, because I plan to work in a clinical setting that deals with diagnosing people based on their behaviors. Studying psychology is all about the mind’s functions and how it affects behavior. In the following paragraphs I will explain in-depth of background knowledge and the educational requirements for pursuing a career as a Sex Therapist. Also, providing informat ion about the salary, competitiveness, type of job locations, and expectations. For this assignment I interviewed Jill O’Brien, who is a Physical Therapist that works at Gundersen and runs her own clinic that specializes in Pelvic Health. This is not the exact career that I want, but her specialized interest is something similar to the type pf clients I could work with in the future. I could not job shadow a Sex Therapist, due to confidentiality reasons. These are the topics I will be describing in more depthShow MoreRelatedMy Career As A Sex Therapist Essay1326 Words   |  6 PagesI. Introduction The occupation that I have selected for my Career assignment was a Sex Therapist. I am a senior here at the University of Wisconsin La Crosse and my career goal is to become a Sex Therapist in the future. How I got interested in this occupation is that I knew that I wanted to help people in some way, so I started taking thinking and taking career quizzes. 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This confrontation poses different issues for me personally and professionally that I will need to address as my career advances and I become more immersed and educated in the career. As a gay whiteRead MoreI Have Always Been An Avid Learner1567 Words   |  7 Pageslearning is the attitude towards what is being taught. Growing up, I wanted to become a dancer so I tried out for my high school dance team. I considered myself an excellent dancer, but was unable to capture the dance routine, which resulted in me giving up. Later, I tried out with the cheerleading squad where I made the team and was appointed captain. It was that moment I realized my preferred learning style. I realized that I was a step by step learner, analytical by nature. 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Norse Mythology Essay Example For Students

Norse Mythology Essay The book entitled NorseMythology by Karl Mortensen, is the book I chose to read for my firstbook report for this semester. The book was translated from the Danishby A. Clinton Crowell. Karl Mortensen was a doctor of philosophy whom attended the University of Copenhagen. The first part of the book isthe general introduction. Here, you find the authors meaning of Norsemythology and where he got his information. He says,By Norsemythology we meanthe informationwe have concerning thereligious conceptions and usagesof our heathen forefathers, their faith and manner of worshipping the gods, and also their legends and songsabout the gods andheroes.TheimportationofChristianity drove out the old heathen faith, butremnants or memories of it long endured in the superstitiousideas of the common people, and can even be tracedin our own day. In the general introduction, the author tells us why we teach Norse mythology. He tells us that for us, Norse mythologyhas in any case the advantage of being the religion of our own forefathers,and through it we learn to know that religion. This is necessary if wewish to understand the history and poetry of our antiquity and to comprehendwhat good characteristics and what faults Christianity encountered whenit was proclaimed in the North. Finally, it is necessary to know themost important points of the heathen faith of our fathers in order to appreciateand enjoy many of the words of our best poets. Norse Mythologyis comprised of four main sections. The first section contains the creationmyth, which is extremely confusing because it talks about brothersaunts cousins children from second marriages and what importance theywere in those golden times. Its quite hard to understand, and I hadto read it over twice to make sure I understood. The second part of thefirst section discusses the creation of the gods and the stories oftheir lives. And the last part is entitled Ragnorak, which stands for theenemies of the gods. All of this was quite interesting to read. The second section of the book talks about common popular belief. It saysthat our forefathers, like other heathen people, found one of the plainestproofs of the souls independence of the body and its ability to take ahand in the affairs of living men in the nightmare and dream, as theylacked all other means of explaining those things. They therefore tookit for granted that they were spirits, usually in the form of animals or men. Through the smallest crack or crevice the nightmare slips to thesleeping one, and torments and troubles him so sadly that he becomes illor that it causes his death. It is felt as an oppressing weight uponthe breast or throat; the mare treads or rides the sleeping one fromhis legs up to his body and thrusts his tongue into the victims throatto hinder him from crying out. The Northern people have clung this veryday to their belief in the mare as a supernatural female being, andmany legends about it have arisen. A mare can slip out only by the sameway that it c ame in; if one stops up the opening, it is caught. Thesame thing happens if one names its name. In the Ynglinga Sagait is told of King Vanlandi, who had betrayed his Finnish bride, Drifa,that he inpunishmentfor that had been killed by a mare with which the magic artsof the Finns had tormented him. He became suddenly sleepy and lay down to rest, but when he had slepta little he cried that a mare was treading him. The kings men hastened to his assistance, but when theyturned to his head, the mare trod upon his legs so that theywere nearly broken, and if they went to the legs,she was directly occupied at the head; and so the king was actuallytortured to death. Facing the Obstacles of Life EssayAlso found in the second sectionare chief gods and myths of the gods. Here, there are stories told of Thor, Odin, Frey and Njorth, Heimdall and Baldur, and Loki. It commentson the various thresholds crossed by these great gods, and the thingsthat they accomplished. The third section is rather short, but it issolely focused on the forms of worship and religious life. It tellsof the Norse temples, or Hofs, which means in general a holy place. TheHofs were large square, occasionally round, houses, built in the samestyle and of the same kind of material as the common dwelling houses. Just inside thedoor of theHof stood the posts of the high seat, in which were fixedgreat nails, but the meaning of these is not known. At theopposite end (the Korrunding or apse) stoodthe images of the gods, and in front of them orunderthem thesplendidly ornamented Stall, which one of the Icelandic sagas compares with the Christian altar. Upon its iron-covered upper side burned the sacred fire whichmust never be extinguished, and there also laythe open silver or gold ring upon which all oaths must be sworn. The ring was moistened in the blood of the victim,and on all festive occasions the Gothi had to wear it upon hisarm. Upon the Stall stood also a large copper bowl with asprinkler(hlautbolli andhlauttein). In thebowl the blood of the victim_animal or man_was caught andsprinkled over those who were present. The Stallalso, perhaps the wholeinterior of the temple, was reddenedwith it. The statues of the gods were most oftenclumsy images carved from wood, and were set up on the Stallor upon apedestal, anddressed inaccordancewith the festal costume of the period. That there was alwaysa hammer in the hand of Thors image there canbe no doubt. The last section of the chosen book is full of hero sagas. Youll find the stories of The Volsungs, the Helgi sagas, Volunthe Smith, The Hjathningar, and Beowulf. These are great stories thatbeautifully follow the hero cycle. The conclusion of the book talksabout how these stories reflect on us. It comments on our strengthsand our weaknesses. It also refers to the peoples beliefs concerning death,courage, respect, and faith. I absolutely love this book. Its extremelyold_copyright 1913! It really made me look deep into myself. I am ofNorwegian origin and it was quite interesting to learn about what my forefathers believed and how they worshipped. My absolute favorite Norsehero has to be Thor. He represents power. Hes extremely powerful and courageous. He also doesnt have too much compassion for his enemies. He never hesitates to crush them with his almighty hammer. Thor is my hero_let his stories live long! Do I recommend the book? Absolutely. You can find it at the OSU library. Its on the main floor and the callnumber is BL860. Be careful with it, though, the pages are falling out.BibliographyuMortensen, Karl. Norse Mythology. ThomasY. Crowell Company, New York, NY. 1913.

Then Accra Beach Hotel free essay sample

The Board wanted to book a large block of rooms more than six months ahead,during several of the hotel’s busiest times,and was asking for discount. In return,it promised to promote the Accra Beach in all advertising materials and television broadcasts as the host hotel for the upcoming West Indies Cricket Series,an important international sporting event. The Accra Beach Hotel and Resort had a prime beachfront location on the south coast of Barbados,just a short distance from the airport and the capital city of Bridgetown. Located on acres of tropical landscape and facing one of the best beach on Barbados, the hotel featured rooms offering panoramic view of the ocean, pool or island. The centerpiece of its lush gardens was the large swimming pool, which gad a shallow bank for lounging plus a swimup bar. In addition, there was a squash court and a fully equipped gym. Golf was also available only 15 minutes away at the Barbados Golf Club,with which the hotel was affiliated. The Accra Beach had two restaurants and two bars, as well as extensive banquet and conference facilities. It offered state-of-the-art conference facilities to local. Regional and international corporate clientele and had hosted a number of large summits in recent years. Three conference rooms,which could be configured in number of way, served as the setting for large corporate meeting,training seminars, product dispalys, dinners, and wedding receptions. A business center provided guest with Internet access, faxing capabilities,and photocopying service. The hotel’s 122 standard rooms were categorized into three groups and there are also 13 island view Junior Suite, anf six Penthouse Suites, each decorated in tropical pastel prints and handcrafted furniture, All rooms were equipped with cable TV,air-conditioning,ceiling fans,hair-dryer,coffee percolartor,telephone,hath-tub/shower and a balcony. Standrd rooms were configured with either a king-size bed or two twin beds in the Island and Ocean View categories,while the Pool Vuews had two double beds. The six Penthouse Suites,which all offered ocean views,contained all the features listed for the standard rooms plus added comforts. They were built on two levels,featuring a living room with a bar area on the third floor of the hotel and a bedroom accessed by an internal stairway on the fourth floor. these suites also had a bathroom containing a jacuzzi,shower stall, double vanity basin and a skylight. The thirteen junior suite were fitted with a double bed or two twin beds,plus a living room area with sofa that can be converyed to another bed. The accra beach enjoyed a relatively high occupancy rate,with the highest occupancy rates achieved from january through march and the lowerst generally during the summer. the hotel’s average room rates followed a similar pattern,with the highest room rates being achieved from december through march but relatively low rates during the summer months. the hotel’s RevPAR showed even more variation,with RevPARs exceeding US$140 from january though october . the rate on the pengouse suites ranged from US$310 to US$395,while those on the junior suites ranged fromUS$195 to US$235. guests had to pay barbados value-added tax of 7. percent on room charges and 15percent on meals. The accra beach had traditionally promoted itself as a resort destination,but in the last few years,it has been promoting its convenient location and had attracted many business customers. cheria works extensively with tour operators and corporate travel managers. the majority such as barbados cablewireless,and the caribbean international banking corporation. the composition of hotel guests had changed drastically had been dominated by tourists from the uk and canada,but during the past few years,the percentage of corporate customers had increased dramatically. The majority of corporate customers come for business meeting with local companies. Sometimes,guests who were on vacation (particularly during the winter months) felt uncomfortable finding themselves surrounded by business people. As one vacationer put it, â€Å"There ‘s just something weird about being on vacationer and going to the beach and then seeing suit -clad business people chatting on their cell phones. † However,the hotel achieved a higher average room rate from business guests than vacationers and had found the volume of corporate usiness to be much more stable than that from tour operators and individual guests. Cherita Howard,the hotel’s Sales Manager,had been approached by the West Indies Cricket Board (WICB) about the possibility of the Accra Beach Hotel serving as the host hotel for the following spring’s West Indies Cricket Home Series, an important international sporting event rotated among several different Caribbean nations and Barbados would be hosting the next one, which would feature visiting teams from India and New Zealand. Cherita and Jon Martineau,General Manager of the hotel,both thought that the marketing exposure associated with hosting the teams would be very beneficial for the hotel but were concerned about accepting the business because they knew from past experience that many of the desired dates were usually very busy days for the hotel. They were sure that the rate that the WICB was willing to pay would be lower than the average rate of US$140-$150 they normally achieved during these times. In contrast to regular guests,who could usually be counted upon to have a number of meals at the hotel,team members and officials would probably be less likely to dine at the hotel because they would be on a per diem budget. On average,both corporate customers and vacationers spend about US$8 per person for breakfast and vacationers spend about US$25 per person for dinner (per person including VAT). The margin on food and beverage is approximately 30percent. About 80 percent of all guests have breakfast at the hotel and approximately 30 percent of all guests dine at the hotel (there are many other attractive restaurant options nearby). Mr. Martineau thought that only about 25 percent of the cricket group would have breakfast at the hotel and maybe only about 25 percent of the cricket group would have breakfast at the hotel and maybe only about 10 percent would dine at the hotel. Also, they worried about how